B-cell activation plays a crucial part in the immune system and is initiated via interaction between the B cell receptor (BCR) Dogs and specific antigens.In recent years with the help of modern imaging techniques, it was found that the cortical actin cytoskeleton changes dramatically during B-cell activation.In this review, we discuss how actin-cyt

Complex networks are a useful tool for the understanding of complex systems.One of the emerging properties of such systems is their tendency to form hierarchies: networks can be organized in levels, with nodes in each level exerting control on the ones beneath them.In this paper, we focus on the problem of estimating how hierarchical a directed net